Heatmap Plotting

In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to use the heatmap function from the pymovements.plotting module to create a heatmap of gaze data. The heatmap will show the distribution of gaze positions across the experiment screen, with color values indicating the time spent at each position in seconds.

Preparations

We import pymovements as the alias pm for convenience.

import pymovements as pm

Loading the Dataset

Let’s start by downloading our ToyDataset and loading in its data:

dataset = pm.Dataset('ToyDataset', path='data/ToyDataset')
dataset.download()
dataset.load()

INFO:pymovements.dataset.dataset:
        You are downloading the pymovements Toy Dataset. Please be aware that pymovements does not
        host or distribute any dataset resources and only provides a convenient interface to
        download the public dataset resources that were published by their respective authors.

        Please cite the referenced publication if you intend to use the dataset in your research.

Using already downloaded and verified file: data/ToyDataset/downloads/pymovements-toy-dataset.zip
Extracting pymovements-toy-dataset.zip to data/ToyDataset/raw

100%|██████████| 23/23 [00:00<00:00, 303.43it/s]

Dataset

• definition:
  DatasetDefinition
  DatasetDefinition

  • acceleration_columns:
    None
    None
  • column_map:
    dict (0 items)
  • custom_read_kwargs:
    dict (1 items)
    • gaze:
      dict (4 items)
      • columns:
        list (5 items)
        • 'timestamp'
        • 'x'
        • (3 more)
      • schema_overrides:
        dict (5 items)
        • timestamp:
          Float64
          Float64
        • x:
          Float64
          Float64
        • (3 more)
      • (2 more)
  • distance_column:
    None
    None
  • experiment:
    Experiment
    Experiment

    • eyetracker:
      EyeTracker
      EyeTracker

      • left:
        None
        None
      • model:
        None
        None
      • mount:
        None
        None
      • right:
        None
        None
      • sampling_rate:
        1000
        1000
      • vendor:
        None
        None
      • version:
        None
        None
    • sampling_rate:
      1000
      1000
    • screen:
      Screen
      Screen

      • distance_cm:
        68
        68
      • height_cm:
        30.2
        30.2
      • height_px:
        1024
        1024
      • origin:
        'upper left'
        'upper left'
      • width_cm:
        38
        38
      • width_px:
        1280
        1280
      • x_max_dva:
        15.599386487782953
        15.599386487782953
      • x_min_dva:
        -15.599386487782953
        -15.599386487782953
      • y_max_dva:
        12.508044410882546
        12.508044410882546
      • y_min_dva:
        -12.508044410882546
        -12.508044410882546
  • extract:
    None
    None
  • filename_format:
    dict (1 items)
    • gaze:
      'trial_{text_id:d}_{page_id:d}.csv'
      'trial_{text_id:d}_{page_id:d}.csv'
  • filename_format_schema_overrides:
    dict (1 items)
    • gaze:
      dict (2 items)
      • text_id:
        <class 'int'>
        <class 'int'>
      • page_id:
        <class 'int'>
        <class 'int'>
  • has_resources:
    True
    True
  • long_name:
    'pymovements Toy Dataset'
    'pymovements Toy Dataset'
  • mirrors:
    dict (0 items)
  • name:
    'ToyDataset'
    'ToyDataset'
  • pixel_columns:
    list (2 items)
    • 'x'
    • 'y'
  • position_columns:
    None
    None
  • resources:
    list (1 items)
    • ResourceDefinition
      • content:
        'gaze'
        'gaze'
      • filename:
        'pymovements-toy-dataset.zip'
        'pymovements-toy-dataset.zip'
      • filename_pattern:
        'trial_{text_id:d}_{page_id:d}.csv'
        'trial_{text_id:d}_{page_id:d}.csv'
      • filename_pattern_schema_overrides:
        dict (2 items)
        • text_id:
          <class 'int'>
          <class 'int'>
        • page_id:
          <class 'int'>
          <class 'int'>
      • md5:
        '4da622457637a8181d86601fe17f3aa8'
        '4da622457637a8181d86601fe17f3aa8'
      • url:
        str
        'http://github.com/aeye-lab/pymovements-toy-dataset/zipball/6cb5d663317bf418cec0c9abe1dde5085a8a8ebd/'
  • time_column:
    'timestamp'
    'timestamp'
  • time_unit:
    'ms'
    'ms'
  • trial_columns:
    None
    None
  • velocity_columns:
    None
    None
• events:
  list (0 items)
• fileinfo:
  dict (1 items)
  • gaze:
    DataFrame (3 columns, 20 rows)
    shape: (20, 3)

    text_id	page_id	filepath
    i64	i64	str
    0	1	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    0	2	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    0	3	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    0	4	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    0	5	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    …	…	…
    3	1	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    3	2	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    3	3	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    3	4	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    3	5	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…

• gaze:
  list (20 items)
  • Gaze
    • samples:
      DataFrame (6 columns, 17223 rows)
      shape: (17_223, 6)

      time	stimuli_x	stimuli_y	text_id	page_id	pixel
      i64	f64	f64	i64	i64	list[f64]
      1988145	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[206.8, 152.4]
      1988146	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[206.9, 152.1]
      1988147	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[207.0, 151.8]
      1988148	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[207.1, 151.7]
      1988149	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[207.0, 151.5]
      …	…	…	…	…	…
      2005363	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[361.0, 415.4]
      2005364	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[358.0, 414.5]
      2005365	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[355.8, 413.8]
      2005366	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[353.1, 413.2]
      2005367	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[351.2, 412.9]

    • events:
      Events
      Events

      • frame:
        DataFrame (6 columns, 0 rows)
        shape: (0, 6)

        text_id	page_id	name	onset	offset	duration
        i64	i64	str	i64	i64	i64

      • trial_columns:
        list (2 items)
        • 'text_id'
        • 'page_id'
    • trial_columns:
      list (2 items)
      • 'text_id'
      • 'page_id'
    • experiment:
      Experiment
      Experiment

      • eyetracker:
        EyeTracker
        EyeTracker

        • left:
          None
          None
        • model:
          None
          None
        • mount:
          None
          None
        • right:
          None
          None
        • sampling_rate:
          1000
          1000
        • vendor:
          None
          None
        • version:
          None
          None
      • sampling_rate:
        1000
        1000
      • screen:
        Screen
        Screen

        • distance_cm:
          68
          68
        • height_cm:
          30.2
          30.2
        • height_px:
          1024
          1024
        • origin:
          'upper left'
          'upper left'
        • width_cm:
          38
          38
        • width_px:
          1280
          1280
        • x_max_dva:
          15.599386487782953
          15.599386487782953
        • x_min_dva:
          -15.599386487782953
          -15.599386487782953
        • y_max_dva:
          12.508044410882546
          12.508044410882546
        • y_min_dva:
          -12.508044410882546
          -12.508044410882546
  • Gaze
    • samples:
      DataFrame (6 columns, 29799 rows)
      shape: (29_799, 6)

      time	stimuli_x	stimuli_y	text_id	page_id	pixel
      i64	f64	f64	i64	i64	list[f64]
      2008305	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[141.4, 153.6]
      2008306	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[141.1, 153.2]
      2008307	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[140.7, 152.8]
      2008308	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[140.6, 152.7]
      2008309	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[140.5, 152.6]
      …	…	…	…	…	…
      2038099	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[273.8, 773.8]
      2038100	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[273.8, 774.1]
      2038101	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[273.9, 774.5]
      2038102	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[274.0, 774.4]
      2038103	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[274.0, 773.9]

    • events:
      Events
      Events

      • frame:
        DataFrame (6 columns, 0 rows)
        shape: (0, 6)

        text_id	page_id	name	onset	offset	duration
        i64	i64	str	i64	i64	i64

      • trial_columns:
        list (2 items)
        • 'text_id'
        • 'page_id'
    • trial_columns:
      list (2 items)
      • 'text_id'
      • 'page_id'
    • experiment:
      Experiment
      Experiment

      • eyetracker:
        EyeTracker
        EyeTracker

        • left:
          None
          None
        • model:
          None
          None
        • mount:
          None
          None
        • right:
          None
          None
        • sampling_rate:
          1000
          1000
        • vendor:
          None
          None
        • version:
          None
          None
      • sampling_rate:
        1000
        1000
      • screen:
        Screen
        Screen

        • distance_cm:
          68
          68
        • height_cm:
          30.2
          30.2
        • height_px:
          1024
          1024
        • origin:
          'upper left'
          'upper left'
        • width_cm:
          38
          38
        • width_px:
          1280
          1280
        • x_max_dva:
          15.599386487782953
          15.599386487782953
        • x_min_dva:
          -15.599386487782953
          -15.599386487782953
        • y_max_dva:
          12.508044410882546
          12.508044410882546
        • y_min_dva:
          -12.508044410882546
          -12.508044410882546
  • (18 more)
• path:
  PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
  PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
• paths:
  DatasetPaths
  DatasetPaths

  • dataset:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
  • downloads:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/downloads')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/downloads')
  • events:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/events')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/events')
  • precomputed_events:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/precomputed_events')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/precomputed_events')
  • precomputed_reading_measures:
    PosixPath
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/precomputed_reading_measures')
  • preprocessed:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/preprocessed')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/preprocessed')
  • raw:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/raw')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/raw')
  • root:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
• precomputed_events:
  list (0 items)
• precomputed_reading_measures:
  list (0 items)

After loading the dataset, we will transform the pixel coordinates to degrees.

dataset.pix2deg()

Dataset

• definition:
  DatasetDefinition
  DatasetDefinition

  • acceleration_columns:
    None
    None
  • column_map:
    dict (0 items)
  • custom_read_kwargs:
    dict (1 items)
    • gaze:
      dict (4 items)
      • columns:
        list (5 items)
        • 'timestamp'
        • 'x'
        • (3 more)
      • schema_overrides:
        dict (5 items)
        • timestamp:
          Float64
          Float64
        • x:
          Float64
          Float64
        • (3 more)
      • (2 more)
  • distance_column:
    None
    None
  • experiment:
    Experiment
    Experiment

    • eyetracker:
      EyeTracker
      EyeTracker

      • left:
        None
        None
      • model:
        None
        None
      • mount:
        None
        None
      • right:
        None
        None
      • sampling_rate:
        1000
        1000
      • vendor:
        None
        None
      • version:
        None
        None
    • sampling_rate:
      1000
      1000
    • screen:
      Screen
      Screen

      • distance_cm:
        68
        68
      • height_cm:
        30.2
        30.2
      • height_px:
        1024
        1024
      • origin:
        'upper left'
        'upper left'
      • width_cm:
        38
        38
      • width_px:
        1280
        1280
      • x_max_dva:
        15.599386487782953
        15.599386487782953
      • x_min_dva:
        -15.599386487782953
        -15.599386487782953
      • y_max_dva:
        12.508044410882546
        12.508044410882546
      • y_min_dva:
        -12.508044410882546
        -12.508044410882546
  • extract:
    None
    None
  • filename_format:
    dict (1 items)
    • gaze:
      'trial_{text_id:d}_{page_id:d}.csv'
      'trial_{text_id:d}_{page_id:d}.csv'
  • filename_format_schema_overrides:
    dict (1 items)
    • gaze:
      dict (2 items)
      • text_id:
        <class 'int'>
        <class 'int'>
      • page_id:
        <class 'int'>
        <class 'int'>
  • has_resources:
    True
    True
  • long_name:
    'pymovements Toy Dataset'
    'pymovements Toy Dataset'
  • mirrors:
    dict (0 items)
  • name:
    'ToyDataset'
    'ToyDataset'
  • pixel_columns:
    list (2 items)
    • 'x'
    • 'y'
  • position_columns:
    None
    None
  • resources:
    list (1 items)
    • ResourceDefinition
      • content:
        'gaze'
        'gaze'
      • filename:
        'pymovements-toy-dataset.zip'
        'pymovements-toy-dataset.zip'
      • filename_pattern:
        'trial_{text_id:d}_{page_id:d}.csv'
        'trial_{text_id:d}_{page_id:d}.csv'
      • filename_pattern_schema_overrides:
        dict (2 items)
        • text_id:
          <class 'int'>
          <class 'int'>
        • page_id:
          <class 'int'>
          <class 'int'>
      • md5:
        '4da622457637a8181d86601fe17f3aa8'
        '4da622457637a8181d86601fe17f3aa8'
      • url:
        str
        'http://github.com/aeye-lab/pymovements-toy-dataset/zipball/6cb5d663317bf418cec0c9abe1dde5085a8a8ebd/'
  • time_column:
    'timestamp'
    'timestamp'
  • time_unit:
    'ms'
    'ms'
  • trial_columns:
    None
    None
  • velocity_columns:
    None
    None
• events:
  list (0 items)
• fileinfo:
  dict (1 items)
  • gaze:
    DataFrame (3 columns, 20 rows)
    shape: (20, 3)

    text_id	page_id	filepath
    i64	i64	str
    0	1	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    0	2	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    0	3	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    0	4	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    0	5	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    …	…	…
    3	1	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    3	2	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    3	3	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    3	4	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…
    3	5	"aeye-lab-pymovements-toy-datas…

• gaze:
  list (20 items)
  • Gaze
    • samples:
      DataFrame (7 columns, 17223 rows)
      shape: (17_223, 7)

      time	stimuli_x	stimuli_y	text_id	page_id	pixel	position
      i64	f64	f64	i64	i64	list[f64]	list[f64]
      1988145	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[206.8, 152.4]	[-10.697598, -8.852399]
      1988146	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[206.9, 152.1]	[-10.695183, -8.859678]
      1988147	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[207.0, 151.8]	[-10.692768, -8.866956]
      1988148	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[207.1, 151.7]	[-10.690352, -8.869381]
      1988149	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[207.0, 151.5]	[-10.692768, -8.874233]
      …	…	…	…	…	…	…
      2005363	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[361.0, 415.4]	[-6.932438, -2.386672]
      2005364	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[358.0, 414.5]	[-7.006376, -2.408998]
      2005365	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[355.8, 413.8]	[-7.060582, -2.426362]
      2005366	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[353.1, 413.2]	[-7.12709, -2.441245]
      2005367	-1.0	-1.0	0	1	[351.2, 412.9]	[-7.173881, -2.448686]

    • events:
      Events
      Events

      • frame:
        DataFrame (6 columns, 0 rows)
        shape: (0, 6)

        text_id	page_id	name	onset	offset	duration
        i64	i64	str	i64	i64	i64

      • trial_columns:
        list (2 items)
        • 'text_id'
        • 'page_id'
    • trial_columns:
      list (2 items)
      • 'text_id'
      • 'page_id'
    • experiment:
      Experiment
      Experiment

      • eyetracker:
        EyeTracker
        EyeTracker

        • left:
          None
          None
        • model:
          None
          None
        • mount:
          None
          None
        • right:
          None
          None
        • sampling_rate:
          1000
          1000
        • vendor:
          None
          None
        • version:
          None
          None
      • sampling_rate:
        1000
        1000
      • screen:
        Screen
        Screen

        • distance_cm:
          68
          68
        • height_cm:
          30.2
          30.2
        • height_px:
          1024
          1024
        • origin:
          'upper left'
          'upper left'
        • width_cm:
          38
          38
        • width_px:
          1280
          1280
        • x_max_dva:
          15.599386487782953
          15.599386487782953
        • x_min_dva:
          -15.599386487782953
          -15.599386487782953
        • y_max_dva:
          12.508044410882546
          12.508044410882546
        • y_min_dva:
          -12.508044410882546
          -12.508044410882546
  • Gaze
    • samples:
      DataFrame (7 columns, 29799 rows)
      shape: (29_799, 7)

      time	stimuli_x	stimuli_y	text_id	page_id	pixel	position
      i64	f64	f64	i64	i64	list[f64]	list[f64]
      2008305	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[141.4, 153.6]	[-12.268583, -8.823284]
      2008306	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[141.1, 153.2]	[-12.275749, -8.832989]
      2008307	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[140.7, 152.8]	[-12.285302, -8.842695]
      2008308	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[140.6, 152.7]	[-12.28769, -8.845121]
      2008309	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[140.5, 152.6]	[-12.290078, -8.847547]
      …	…	…	…	…	…	…
      2038099	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[273.8, 773.8]	[-9.071149, 6.490168]
      2038100	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[273.8, 774.1]	[-9.071149, 6.497527]
      2038101	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[273.9, 774.5]	[-9.06871, 6.50734]
      2038102	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[274.0, 774.4]	[-9.066271, 6.504886]
      2038103	-1.0	-1.0	0	2	[274.0, 773.9]	[-9.066271, 6.492621]

    • events:
      Events
      Events

      • frame:
        DataFrame (6 columns, 0 rows)
        shape: (0, 6)

        text_id	page_id	name	onset	offset	duration
        i64	i64	str	i64	i64	i64

      • trial_columns:
        list (2 items)
        • 'text_id'
        • 'page_id'
    • trial_columns:
      list (2 items)
      • 'text_id'
      • 'page_id'
    • experiment:
      Experiment
      Experiment

      • eyetracker:
        EyeTracker
        EyeTracker

        • left:
          None
          None
        • model:
          None
          None
        • mount:
          None
          None
        • right:
          None
          None
        • sampling_rate:
          1000
          1000
        • vendor:
          None
          None
        • version:
          None
          None
      • sampling_rate:
        1000
        1000
      • screen:
        Screen
        Screen

        • distance_cm:
          68
          68
        • height_cm:
          30.2
          30.2
        • height_px:
          1024
          1024
        • origin:
          'upper left'
          'upper left'
        • width_cm:
          38
          38
        • width_px:
          1280
          1280
        • x_max_dva:
          15.599386487782953
          15.599386487782953
        • x_min_dva:
          -15.599386487782953
          -15.599386487782953
        • y_max_dva:
          12.508044410882546
          12.508044410882546
        • y_min_dva:
          -12.508044410882546
          -12.508044410882546
  • (18 more)
• path:
  PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
  PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
• paths:
  DatasetPaths
  DatasetPaths

  • dataset:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
  • downloads:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/downloads')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/downloads')
  • events:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/events')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/events')
  • precomputed_events:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/precomputed_events')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/precomputed_events')
  • precomputed_reading_measures:
    PosixPath
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/precomputed_reading_measures')
  • preprocessed:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/preprocessed')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/preprocessed')
  • raw:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/raw')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset/raw')
  • root:
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
    PosixPath('data/ToyDataset')
• precomputed_events:
  list (0 items)
• precomputed_reading_measures:
  list (0 items)

We now have a position column available:

dataset.gaze[5]

Gaze

• samples:
  DataFrame (7 columns, 23054 rows)
  shape: (23_054, 7)

  time	stimuli_x	stimuli_y	text_id	page_id	pixel	position
  i64	f64	f64	i64	i64	list[f64]	list[f64]
  2415266	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[176.8, 140.2]	[-11.420403, -9.148145]
  2415267	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[176.7, 139.8]	[-11.422806, -9.157834]
  2415268	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[176.7, 139.3]	[-11.422806, -9.169943]
  2415269	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[176.6, 139.3]	[-11.42521, -9.169943]
  2415270	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[176.7, 139.3]	[-11.422806, -9.169943]
  …	…	…	…	…	…	…
  2438315	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[649.9, 633.9]	[0.260146, 3.038748]
  2438316	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[650.1, 633.7]	[0.265149, 3.033792]
  2438317	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[650.2, 633.5]	[0.26765, 3.028836]
  2438318	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[650.0, 633.2]	[0.262648, 3.021402]
  2438319	-1.0	-1.0	1	1	[649.7, 633.1]	[0.255144, 3.018924]

• events:
  Events
  Events

  • frame:
    DataFrame (6 columns, 0 rows)
    shape: (0, 6)

    text_id	page_id	name	onset	offset	duration
    i64	i64	str	i64	i64	i64

  • trial_columns:
    list (2 items)
    • 'text_id'
    • 'page_id'
• trial_columns:
  list (2 items)
  • 'text_id'
  • 'page_id'
• experiment:
  Experiment
  Experiment

  • eyetracker:
    EyeTracker
    EyeTracker

    • left:
      None
      None
    • model:
      None
      None
    • mount:
      None
      None
    • right:
      None
      None
    • sampling_rate:
      1000
      1000
    • vendor:
      None
      None
    • version:
      None
      None
  • sampling_rate:
    1000
    1000
  • screen:
    Screen
    Screen

    • distance_cm:
      68
      68
    • height_cm:
      30.2
      30.2
    • height_px:
      1024
      1024
    • origin:
      'upper left'
      'upper left'
    • width_cm:
      38
      38
    • width_px:
      1280
      1280
    • x_max_dva:
      15.599386487782953
      15.599386487782953
    • x_min_dva:
      -15.599386487782953
      -15.599386487782953
    • y_max_dva:
      12.508044410882546
      12.508044410882546
    • y_min_dva:
      -12.508044410882546
      -12.508044410882546

Creating a Heatmap

Let’s create a heatmap using the heatmap function from the pymovements library. We will use the default gridsize of 10x10 with interpolation and display the colorbar.

figure = pm.plotting.heatmap(
    gaze=dataset.gaze[5],
    position_column='pixel',
    origin='upper',
    show_cbar=True,
    cbar_label='Time [s]',
    title='Gaze Heatmap with Interpolation On',
    xlabel='X [pix]',
    ylabel='Y [pix]',
    gridsize=[10, 10]
)

To better understand the effect of the gridsize parameter on the heatmap, we can turn off the interpolation. By doing this, we can clearly visualize the individual bins used to calculate the heatmap. With interpolation turned off, the heatmap will display the raw bin values rather than a smoothed representation.

figure = pm.plotting.heatmap(
    dataset.gaze[5],
    position_column='pixel',
    origin='upper',
    show_cbar=True,
    cbar_label='Time [s]',
    title='Gaze Heatmap with Interpolation Off',
    xlabel='X [pix]',
    ylabel='Y [pix]',
    gridsize=[10, 10],
    interpolation='none'
)

Increasing the gridsize parameter results in a finer grid and more detailed heatmap representation. With a higher grid size, we divide the plot into smaller bins, which can capture more nuances in the data distribution

figure = pm.plotting.heatmap(
    dataset.gaze[5],
    position_column='pixel',
    origin='upper',
    show_cbar=True,
    cbar_label='Time [s]',
    title='Gaze Heatmap with Higher Grid Size',
    xlabel='X [pix]',
    ylabel='Y [pix]',
    gridsize=[25, 25]
)